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| STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION | STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION We issue employee share-based awards under various incentive compensation plans, which permit the grant of non-qualified and incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and stock units, and restricted performance shares and performance units to eligible employees (restricted stock and stock units, restricted performance shares and performance units are herein referred to as "Restricted Units"). Upon vesting, Restricted Units result in the issuance of the equivalent number of UPS class A common shares after required tax withholdings. Dividends accrued on Restricted Units are reinvested in additional Restricted Units at each dividend payable date, and are subject to the same vesting and forfeiture conditions as the underlying Restricted Units upon which they are earned.
The primary compensation programs offered under the UPS Incentive Compensation Plan include the UPS Management Incentive Award program, the UPS Long-Term Incentive Performance Award program and the UPS Stock Option program. We also maintain an employee stock purchase plan which allows eligible employees to purchase shares of UPS class A common stock at a discount. Additionally, our matching contributions to the primary employee defined contribution savings plan are made in shares of UPS class A common stock.
Management Incentive Award Program ("MIP")
We award Restricted Units under the MIP to certain eligible management employees. For Restricted Units granted under the MIP prior to 2019, vesting generally occurs ratably over a -year period on January 15th of each of the years following the grant date (except in the case of death, disability or retirement, in which case immediate vesting occurs). The grant value is expensed on a straight-line basis (less estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period (except in the case of death, disability or retirement, in which case immediate expensing occurs). These historical awards will continue to vest through 2023.
Beginning with the MIP grant in the first quarter of 2019, Restricted Units vest one year following the grant date (except in the case of death, disability or retirement, in which case immediate vesting occurs). The grant value is expensed on a straight-line basis (less estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period (except in the case of death, disability or retirement, in which case immediate expensing occurs).
Based on the date that the eligible management population and performance targets were approved for the MIP, we determined the award measurement dates to be February 6, 2020 (for U.S.-based employees), February 12, 2020 (for management committee employees) and March 23, 2020 (for international-based employees); therefore, the Restricted Units awarded were valued for stock compensation expense purposes using the closing New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") price of $106.51, $105.54 and $91.90 on those dates, respectively.
Long-Term Incentive Performance Award Program ("LTIP")
We award Restricted Units under the LTIP to certain eligible management employees. These Restricted Units generally vest at the end of a -year performance period (except in the case of death, disability or retirement, in which case immediate vesting occurs on a prorated basis). For outstanding awards, the number of Restricted Units earned will be based on the achievement of the performance targets established on the grant date. These performance targets are equally-weighted among consolidated operating return on invested capital ("ROIC"), growth in currency-constant consolidated revenue and total shareholder return ("RTSR") relative to a peer group of companies.
For the two-thirds of the award related to ROIC and growth in currency-constant consolidated revenue, we recognize the grant date fair value of these Restricted Units (less estimated forfeitures) as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period, based on the number of awards expected to be earned. The remaining one-third of the award related to RTSR is valued using a Monte Carlo model. We recognize the grant date fair value of this portion of the award (less estimated forfeitures) as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period.
There were no awards granted under the LTIP in the first quarter of 2020.
Based on the date that the eligible management employees and performance targets were approved for the 2019 LTIP award, we determined the award measurement date to be March 22, 2019; therefore, the target Restricted Units awarded for the ROIC and growth in currency-constant consolidated revenue portions of the award were valued for stock compensation expense using the closing NYSE price of $107.35 on that date.
During the third quarter of 2019, we awarded a one-time grant of Restricted Units that will vest over the same period as the 2019 LTIP award. Based on the date that the Compensation Committee approved this award, we determined the award measurement date to be July 1, 2019; therefore, the target Restricted Units awarded for the ROIC and growth in currency-constant consolidated revenue portions of the award were valued for stock compensation expense using the closing NYSE price of $102.97 on that date.
The weighted-average assumptions used and the calculated weighted-average fair values of the RTSR portion of the LTIP awards granted in 2019 are as follows:
There is no expected dividend yield as units earn dividend equivalents.
Non-Qualified Stock Options
We grant non-qualified stock option awards to a limited group of eligible senior management employees under the UPS Stock Option program. Stock option awards generally vest over a -year period with approximately 20% of the award vesting at each anniversary of the grant date (except in the case of death, disability or retirement, in which case immediate vesting occurs). The options granted expire 10 years after the date of the grant. In the first quarter of 2020, we granted 0.3 million stock options at a grant price of $105.54, which is based on the closing NYSE price on February 12, 2020. In the first quarter of 2019, we granted 0.3 million stock options at a grant price of $111.80, which is based on the closing NYSE price on February 14, 2019.
The fair value of each option grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The weighted-average assumptions used and the calculated weighted-average fair values of options granted in 2020 and 2019 are as follows:
Compensation expense for share-based awards recognized in "Compensation and benefits" on the statements of consolidated income for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 was $231 and $308 million pre-tax, respectively.
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